The “holy land“ refers loosely to the land occupied by modern-day Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, western Jordan, and south-western Syria. Despite the fact that the land is described as “holy” only once in the Old Testament and never in the New Testament, many today consider that land to be the “holy land.” Interestingly, for the first thousand years of Christianity, this wasn’t the case. We will look at the idea of a holy land or promised land, but first—what does the term “holy” mean?
Holiness is defined as being separate or set apart. Being set apart by itself, though, is not the only reason someone or something is holy. To be holy means there is a relation to God and that there is moral purity. In one sense, only God is holy, yet through God, other people can be holy as well.
The nation of Israel before Jesus was set apart to be a holy nation. They were to be a kingdom of priests, and through their descendants, all nations on earth were to be blessed. This was not the end of God’s plan though, the holy people and the holy land were never meant to be confined to one race and one region for long.
Defining “Israel”
The main problem with the word “Israel” is that many don’t read it in the way God originally used it. So before we go any further, who or what is it? Did God call the land Israel or Canaan? Did God use the name Israel to describe Jacob or the land? Was the land ever called Israel in the Bible, or did it become known as the Land of Israel because the people of Israel lived on it? Who or what is Israel today? Unbelieving Jews? The land of the Canaan region? The modern nation-state called Israel? Or the disciples of Jesus the Messiah? We have to read the word in context; only then is the meaning of the word clear.
The name Israel comes from when Jacob is renamed after his struggle with an angel (Genesis 32:22-28). Jacob/Israel would father twelve sons who would turn into the twelve tribes of Israel. Judah was one of those twelve tribes. The tribe of Judah came to be known as Jews, who claimed the promise made to Abraham and his descendants as their own. But it wasn’t always this way.
The name Israel represents people who have a spiritual covenant relationship with God.
The word “Israel” in the Bible never refers to any piece of land. The word “Israel” in the Bible does not mean the modern nation of Israel. As you will see, Israel represents a people who trust in God by faith, not a place.
The Land That God Promised
Before we explore how the Bible defines “Israel” as a people and not a place, let’s look at the place that people often mistakenly call Israel. God promised Abraham land to his offspring in Genesis 12:7. Genesis 13:15 states that the land will be given to his offspring forever. God also states that Abraham’s offspring will be as numerous as the pieces of dust on the earth (more on that later). While some Christians in the last couple hundred years have begun to question whether or not God has fulfilled this land promise yet, they seem to ignore a very clear statement that indicates that is has.
So the Lord gave Israel all the land he had sworn to give their ancestors, and they took possession of it and settled there. Not one of all the Lord’s good promises to Israel failed; every one was fulfilled.
Joshua 21:43, 45
Since every promise made to Abraham was fulfilled by the time of Joshua we can know that there are no unfulfilled promises left for Israel.
Every promise to Israel has already been fulfilled.
The Conditional Promised Land
Was the land a conditional promise according to obedience or an unconditional eternal promise?
The Old Testament is filled with stories about how the Israelites abandoned the ways of Yahweh (God) in favor of the wicked ways of other gods. Refusing to give up on Israel, God continued to pursue her like a husband loves an unfaithful wife. God made a covenant with Israel: as long as the people remained holy— set apart from other kingdoms— they would have the land promised to them. Living in this land was contingent on Israel’s ongoing faithfulness to God and obedience to his law. The land, therefore, is a byproduct of the covenant, a gift of the covenant. It is not a possession that can be held independently.
Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession. Although the whole earth is mine, you will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.
Exodus 19:5-6
Scripture contains many warnings about the conditional nature of this promise. In Leviticus 20:22, God warns the Israelites to “keep all my decrees and laws and follow them, so that the land where I am bringing you to live may not vomit you out.” Israel never “owns” the land of promise. God owns the land. Leviticus uses this idea to explain why the land cannot be sold permanently to others, “The land must not be sold permanently, because the land is mine and you reside in my land as foreigners and strangers.” (Leviticus 25:23) The land belongs to God, not the Israelites. The impression given is that the land itself can suffer abuse and be defiled. As sinners were ejected from the camp of Israel, so too, Israel can be ejected from the land.
The Old Testament continues with an array of stories showing how land-use and covenant righteousness cannot be separated. Virtually each of the prophets repeats the same warning: murder and the misuse of land will be severely judged and expelled. This is true of Amos (7:17), and Hosea (9:2-3). But perhaps this is most central to the devastating words of Jeremiah (3:19-20, 7:5-7). For Jeremiah, the future of the nation’s history is inevitable: it will lead to loss and exile. God himself will stir the king of Babylon (“my servant”) to come against the land and devour it (25:8-9, 27:6).
God tells the people of Israel, “because of sin throughout your country, through your own fault you will lose the inheritance I gave you.” (Jeremiah 17:3-4). To hold this land is to embrace the contingency of life there. Security depends on complete and utter loyalty to God’s covenant. The promise of the land is anchored to the covenant, and life in the land is contingent on upholding the righteousness expected by God. The land was a conditional gift; it wasn’t a birthright. They did not understand this; and thus, they were exiled out of the land, never to have ownership of it again.
The Return With a Twist
The ten northern tribes of Israel were conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire around 721 BCE. This conquest marked the end of the Kingdom of Israel. The two southern tribes, Judah and Benjamin, who made up the Kingdom of Judah, were captured by a different empire: Babylon.
After a 70-year exile into Babylon, God would make it clear that the return to the promised land would be different this time:
“You are to allot it as an inheritance for yourselves and for the foreigners residing among you and who have children. You are to consider them as native-born Israelites; along with you they are to be allotted an inheritance among the tribes of Israel. In whatever tribe a foreigner resides, there you are to give them their inheritance,” declares the Sovereign Lord.
Ezekiel 47:22-23
The native-born aliens who lived in the land now should be treated as “citizens of Israel.” The foreigner would gain an inheritance alongside Israel, and the land would be shared in a way not imagined before. Are you able to understand the sigificance of this command? This means that God commanded that foreigners living in the land should be allowed to live there. This means that genetics and genealogies have nothing to do with being called “Israel.” According to the Old and New Testaments, they never have!
How To Be A Jew
God has always included non-Jews within the people called “Israel,” so in part, this was not new. In the Exodus (12:38), there was a “mixed multitude”; Israel included those who were not ethnically of Abraham, but who had converted. Moses was married to a Cushite. Rahab was a Canaanite. Ruth was a Moabite. Esther 8:17 describes the inclusion of many other nationalities. An angel in Zechariah (2:11) prophesies that Israel will include even more nationalities in the future. Simply put, the Old Testament never makes “Israel” an issue of race, as many Evangelicals do, but instead describes a group of people who have decided to follow God. It was never a race but a religious community.
Any person of any race who decided to follow God was included in Israel.
A person is not a Jew who is one only outwardly, nor is circumcision merely outward and physical. No, a person is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the written code [the Law of Moses]. Such a person’s praise is not from other people, but from God.
Romans 2:28-29
Paul here makes it clear that a Jew is someone who obeys God, not a physical decedent. He even says that following the Law of Moses doesn’t make one a Jew. Paul is making a bold claim that you are only a Jew if you follow Jesus; if you don’t, you are not a Jew. This means that from the first century forward, anyone who doesn’t follow Jesus is not really a Jew.
Hey, What About God’s Promise to Abraham?
The Jewish people, hearing Paul’s teachings, were obviously very concerned about all this. So Paul goes on to further explain that this doesn’t mean that God had failed to fulfill his promises to his people:
It is not as though God’s word had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel. Nor because they are his descendants are they all Abraham’s children. On the contrary, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.” In other words, it is not the children by physical descent who are God’s children, but it is the children of the promise who are regarded as Abraham’s offspring.
Romans 9:6-8
Paul is claiming that not all of Abraham’s physical descendants are Israel. Israel, as in, real Israel, are people who are God’s children through faithfulness. John the Baptist spoke to the Pharisees and Sadducees, telling them that they cannot call Abraham their father if they aren’t following the way of God and producing good fruit (Matthew 3:7-10).
Jesus, in John 8:27-47, would also correct those who think that being a physical descendant meant anything. His correction is extremely harsh and thus deserves to be weighted heavily. He tells a group of Jews that their father is not Abraham, as they claim (John 8:39), but rather their father is the devil (John 8:44). He says that they do not belong to God (John 8:47) because they do not follow God.
Jesus explicitly explains that lineage, in terms of being God’s chosen people, is meaningless.
Both Jesus and Paul agree that being a Child of God has nothing to do with being a physical descendant. The Old Testament and the New Testament agree that lineage means nothing when it comes to being a Jew or being part of Israel.
Are You In The Vine?
All throughout the Old Testament, the people of Israel are described as a vine that is planted in the promised land (Isaiah 5:1-7, 27:2-6; Psalm 80:9; Ezekiel 15:1-8, 17:1-10, 19:10-14; Jeremiah 2:21, 5:10, 12:11). A psalmist, lamenting the fall of Jerusalem and their life in exile, writes:
You transplanted a vine from Egypt;
you drove out the nations and planted it.
You cleared the ground for it,
and it took root and filled the land.
Psalm 80:8-9
Hosea makes the analogy explicit: “Israel is a luxuriant vine that yields its fruit” (Hosea 10:1 ESV). Isaiah says, “The vineyard of the Lord Almighty is the nation of Israel, and the people of Judah are the vines he delighted in.” (Isaiah 5:7). The common metaphor is that the land is the vineyard, the people of Israel are the vines. Jesus, quite aware of these popular analogies, takes this imagery, and by his authority, presents a dramatic shift (John 15:1-12).
I am the vine; you are the branches. If you remain in me and I in you, you will bear much fruit; apart from me you can do nothing. He cuts off every branch in me that bears no fruit. If you do not remain in me, you are like a branch that is thrown away and withers; such branches are picked up, thrown into the fire and burned.
John 15:5, 2, 6
God’s vineyard, the land of Israel, now only has one vine: Jesus. Let’s be clear about this shocking subversion—Jesus is taking Israel’s place as the vine. Now no one can claim to be planted as vines in the land, they cannot be rooted in the vineyard, unless they are first grafted into Jesus (John 15:2, 4). He says that any branches that attempt to live in the land, the vineyard, which refused to be attached to him will be cast out and burned (John 15:6). There is only one true vine, and that is Jesus Christ (John 15:1). Paul also references this change that Jesus made to the analogy when talking about how the Jews had been cut off from the vine: “Branches were broken off so that [you] could be grafted in. But they were broken off because of unbelief, and you stand by allegiance. Do not be arrogant, but tremble. For if God did not spare the natural branches, he will not spare you either.” (Romans 11:19-21). Jesus is now the only way to the Father and the only way to the inheritance of the land (John 14:6).
The Complete Fulfillment
Abraham was righteous because of his faithful belief (Galatians 3:6). Paul explains, “Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham. Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: “All nations will be blessed through you.”” (Galatians 3:7-8). Paul goes on to explain that “all who rely on the works of the law are under a curse“ and that God “redeemed us in order that the blessing given to Abraham might come to the Gentiles through Christ Jesus” (Galatians 3:10-14).
The blessings and promises made to Israel come through Jesus, not by following the Law.
God promised that through Abraham, all nations would be blessed (Genesis 12:3). This promise comes true through Jesus. Paul makes this abundantly clear:
The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. Scripture does not say “and to seeds,” meaning many people, but “and to your seed,” meaning one person, who is Christ.
Galatians 3:16
God’s promises were made to Abraham and Jesus, and through Jesus, they are fulfilled.
For no matter how many promises God has made, they are “Yes” in Christ.
2 Corinthians 1:20We tell you the good news: What God promised our ancestors he has fulfilled for us, their children, by raising up Jesus.
Acts 13:32-33
In Hebrews 11:39, it states that none of the Israelites received the true fulfillment of the promises. In Matthew 21:43-46, Jesus says that the Kingdom of God is being taken away from the Jews and given to those who “will produce fruit.”
While once Gentiles were “excluded from citizenship in Israel and foreigners to the covenants of the promise,” in Jesus Christ they are brought into citizenship (Ephesians 2:11-13, 19). Jesus, through his act on the cross, has “made the two groups one and has destroyed the barrier, the dividing wall of hostility” (Ephesians 2:14). In Jesus, Gentiles and Israel are now one people, “His purpose was to create in himself one new humanity out of the two.” Ephesians 2:15).
To All Those In Christ
Some Dispensationalist Christians claim that all this is called “Replacement Theology,” as if the Church has replaced the Jews. But as you have seen, this simply isn’t what the Bible teaches. The Scriptures show us that being a Child of God was always about having faithfulness to God, not about who your parents were. The fact is that the Jewish Messiah has indeed truly come! And so because of this, the definition of Israel has been expanded to include anyone, Jew or Gentile, who follows Jesus.
It is because Jesus fulfilled the promises to the Jews that Peter can apply to believing Gentiles the same words that had described the nation of Israel at Sinai: “You are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s special possession, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light.” (1 Peter 2:9). This is hugely significant. Because Jesus is now Israel (Exodus 4:22, Hosea 11:1, Matthew 2:15), his Gentile children are Jews (Romans 11:19-21).
Those who are in Christ are in Israel.
Not only that, but we are also Israel because we are part of the body of Jesus. Paul affirms this in Galatians 6:16, by calling Christ-followers “Israel.” Finally, in the verses below, it couldn’t be made more clear:
There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.
Galatians 3:28-29
It cannot be underestimated how controversial this statement was when spoken in the synagogues. All the promises that were made to the Jews, including the land, were now promises for anyone who belongs to Christ. The Promised Land is now promised to followers of Jesus! This is incredible, but God doesn’t stop there.
The New and Improved Holy Land
Just as God didn’t keep his people (Israel) confined to one lineage, he didn’t keep his Holy Land confined to one region. The Holy Land is no longer just the region of Canaan (or later called Palestine), the Holy Land is now the entire world. This was God’s plan all along (Genesis 22:18, Romans 4:13, Galatians 6:15).
The Land, like the Torah, was a temporary stage in the long purpose of the God of Abraham. The same could be said about the Temple. The Temple is gone, never to return the way it was before because Jesus has replaced it (1 Corinthians 3:16-17, 6:19; 2 Corinthians 6:16). The Land and the Temple were not bad things now done away with, but they are now fulfilled in Christ and the Spirit. God’s whole purpose now goes beyond Jerusalem, the Temple, and the Land to the whole world.
It is in this sense that the land is unholy; it is no longer set apart. The whole world is now holy, and the whole world is the promised land for those in Christ.
Jesus, in his Sermon on the Mount, decides to sort of quote Psalm 37:11. The Psalm says that “the meek will inherit the land,” but Jesus rather tells us that “the meek will inherit the earth.” Followers of Jesus are promised not just the land, but rather the entire Earth. According to scripture, national boundaries are meaningless.
Peter realized that God does not have favorites anymore, for the whole world is the Holy Land and Israel is without borders. Everyone is welcome to this inheritance, regardless of race, age, gender, or nationality.
For if there had been nothing wrong with that first covenant, no place would have been sought for another. By calling this covenant “new,” he has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and outdated will soon disappear.
Hebrews 8:7, 13
The land (and the whole world) now belongs to Christians, and one day, every knee will bow and praise the God who proclaims this.
Go Deeper
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